An analysis of Business Bankruptcy
This applies to however small or large your business is*
* No conditions apply
A fundamental part of Business Health analysis is to diagnose the signs of Business Distress and suggesting the corrective measures and actions that would aid the business to handle any shortcomings and make sure that any business distress will be cured.
Corporate failure can be identified through two models:
- Qualitative (Non-Financial Information) and;
- Quantitative (Financial Information).
This article contains the identification of a Business distress (a preventive test) purely based on the Quantitative Model, mainly encompassing a logical combination of various ratios which act as a preventive medicine and also creates alerts.
- X-ray and Test
Health analysis can be done through various methods, one of which is the X-ray method.
We will now draw out a business X-ray.
Assumptions:
- This is first year of incorporation of the Company.2. Interest on Secured loan is 14 % using the straight-line method and holidays are ignored.3. Provision for Advance Tax is not applicableIdentification:
Based on the above Financial Statements: -1. The Entity has achieved a turnover of more than 2 lakhs per month (in its first year) – Good2. Profitability is above 22% – Excellent ButBased on the X-ray, the company looks good but we cannot analyze and decipher the exact health and so, we need to perform more substantive testing which is called Z Test or Z score.Z Score:
Calculating a Z score The Z score is generated by combining ratios, which is an attempt to provide a comprehensive picture of the financial status of an entity under consideration.
To be more specific, it is nothing but a calculation of five ratios, which are then multiplied by a pre-determined weighting factor and added together to produce the Z score.History
NYU Stern Finance Professor Edward Altman, developed the Altman Z-score formula in 1967, and it was published in 1968. In 2012, he released an updated version called the Altman Z-score plus that can be used to evaluate public and private companies, manufacturing and nonmanufacturing companies, and U.S. and non-U.S. companies. The Altman Z-score Plus can be used to evaluate corporate credit risk, The formula is as follows:
Z score = (1.2 X1) + (1.4 X2) + (3.3 X3) + (0.6 X4) + (1.0 X5)
Where:
X1 = working capital/total assetsX2 = retained earnings/total assetsX3 = earnings before interest and tax/total assetsX4 = market value of equity or capital investment/total liabilitiesX5 = sales/total assetsThese Five ratios are the combination of liquidity, profitability, leverage, solvency, and activity ratio with a predefined weight factor.
The score indicates the likelihood of failure:
The Pass score for the Z test is 3;
The Fail score is below 1.81;The Grey Area is a score between 1.81 to 2.99.If we calculate Z score of the above entity:
Z score is = 1.05This signifies an Alert Signal. It is like the Amber light in Traffic Signal.To sum up:
Less that 1.81 – companies with a Z score of below 1.81 are in danger and possibly heading towards bankruptcy. Between 1.81 and 2.99 – companies with scores between 1.81 and 2.99 need further investigation. 3 or above – companies with a score of 3 or above are financially sound.The Z Test enables further investigation about business distress. If we can improve our numbers, we can work towards making our business healthy.
Limitations
Only Quantitative information is considered and parameters like competition, market condition, type of industry is completely discounted. Z score work on Historical data i.e. it is a postmortem and not projected data. Factors such as management style, approach & strategy are completely ignored. Further analysis is required to fully understand the situation, e.g. cash flow projections, detailed cost information, environmental review. Scores are only good predictors in the short-term. Figures are open to manipulation. The Z score model only gives guidance below the danger level of 1.81. Further investigation is needed for those organisations with scores between 1.81 and 2.99.To summarize and conclude, Organizations should perform the Z Test regularly. This will provide an adequate alert and help the business to function without any distress.
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ABC Entity |
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Profit & Loss Account for the year ended 31 March XXXX |
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ABC Entity |
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Balance Sheet As on 31 March XXXX
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